Efficacy of an integrated program (PIA-2) to reduce the risk for problems related to eating, weight and body image in female adolescents from Argentina.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine the efficacy of an integrated program (PIA-2) to reduce the risk for problems related to eating, weight and body image in female adolescents from Argentina. METHOD: A quasi-experimental study was conducted by comparing an experimental group versus a control group. The final sample included 509 girls aged 13-18 (M = 15.39 and SD = 1.30) from nine schools located in three geographical regions. They provided data at three assessment time points: baseline, post-intervention and a 3-month follow-up. Dependent variables included skipping breakfast, physical activity, eating disorder risk and thin-ideal internalization. The program was carried out in three 90-minute sessions within usual school hours, at 1-week intervals. RESULTS: Participants who received the intervention decreased more than the control group in skipping breakfast month by month. However, a significant effect of the intervention was not found on physical activity, eating disorder risk, and thin-ideal internalization. DISCUSSION: The presence of mixed findings shows the need to adjust the intervention to enhance the results. The importance of working jointly with other Latin American countries is emphasized, in order to promote the growth of the field of prevention, regarding cultural particularities shared by our societies. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE: Integrated programs aimed at reducing risk factors for the entire spectrum of problems related to eating, weight and body image could lead to beneficial and more efficient effects. However, their development is still incipient in Latin America. PIA-2 Program, designed for female adolescents, produced positive results in one of the four variables studied, decreasing the weekly frequency of skipping breakfast among adolescents. This is pioneering research in Argentina and the region since very few studies on integrated prevention have been published in Latin America. It is crucial to continue with efforts aimed at developing programs that are suited to the specific needs of the population of Latin American countries. In this aspect, our study is undoubtedly an important contribution.

The Development of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Practice, Research, and Future Directions in Latin America.

Although Latin America countries are similar in many aspects, psychology has evolved in different ways, according to the characteristics related to politics, economics, and culture of each country. This is the context in which CBT has spread through the region since the 1980s. This article aims to offer a brief historical overview of CBT development in Latin America and the challenges of its current practice. The inclusion of CBT in undergraduate and graduate studies of psychology, the therapists training programs, cultural challenges, and the CBT ​​research were discussed in this paper. All things considered, the main challenge of CBT in Latin America is to constantly reaffirm the scientific foundations of the theory and to continue to work in the scientific production of knowledge and its dissemination.

Adaptação e validação da escala de perfeccionismo Almost Perfect Scale-Revised para o português brasileiro / Adaptation and validation for Brazilian Portuguese of the Revised Almost Perfect Scale / Adaptación y validación de la escala de perfeccionismo Almost Perfect Scale-Revised para el portugués brasileño

O perfeccionismo é um construto multidimensional cujo estudo vem aumentando desde os anos de 1990. Uma das escalas mais utilizadas para sua mensuração é a Almost Perfect Scale - Revised (APS-R), composta por três dimensões: Padrões, Discrepância e Ordem. Devido à ausência de medidas como essa no Brasil, este estudo objetivou adaptar e analisar as propriedades psicométricas da APS-R em uma amostra brasileira, por meio da análise de sua estrutura interna e levantamento de sua confiabilidade. Participaram 787 universitários (79,3% do sexo feminino), idade média de 25,98 anos (DP = 7,29) que responderam à APS-R e a um questionário sociodemográfico. Os itens adaptados mostraram IVC adequados: equivalência semântica (0,99), cultural (0,94) e conceitual (0,94). Dentre os modelos estruturais testados, o bifatorial mostrou-se superior aos demais (χ2 = 452,371; TLI = 0,94; CFI = 0,96; RMSEA = 0,047). Assim, a escala apresentou propriedades psicométricas satisfatórias para uso no Brasil, tanto no que se refere à sua validade quanto confiabilidade. São discutidas limitações e implicações do estudo. (AU)

The study of perfectionism as a multidimensional construct has increased since the 1990's. The Almost Perfect Scale (APS-R) is widely used across studies to measure perfectionism; it is composed by three dimensions: High Standards, Discrepancy, and Order. However, despite increasing interest in the measurement of perfectionism, there were no scales available for Brazilian-Portuguese. Accordingly, we aimed to adapt the APS-R and to analyze the psychometric properties and test confirmatory models for the Brazilian version of the Almost Perfect Scale (APS-R Brasil). A sample of university students (n=787) with a mean age 25.98 years (SD=7.29), 79.3% women, completed the APS-RB. The adapted items demonstrated semantic, cultural and conceptual adequacy (all CVI <90). The ESEM two factor model, showed the better fit index (χ²= 452.371; TLI=0.94; CFI=0.96; RMSEA=0.047). The Brazilian version of APS-R was shown to be valid and reliable. Limitations and implications of the study are discussed. (AU)

El estudio del perfeccionismo como un constructo multidimensional ha aumentado desde los años 90. La escala Almost Perfect Scale-Revised (APS-R), que se usa ampliamente en los estudios del perfeccionismo, está compuesta por tres factores: altos estándares, la percepción de la discrepancia y el orden. Sin embargo, a pesar del creciente interés en la medición del perfeccionismo, todavía no hay escalas disponibles para el portugués brasileño. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de esta investigación fue adaptar y analizar las propiedades psicométricas, y probar modelos confirmatorios para la APS-R en una muestra brasileña. Dicha muestra se compuso por estudiantes universitarios (n = 787) con una edad media de 25,98 años (DE = 7,29) y 79,3% mujeres. Los ítems adaptados demostraron adecuación semántica, cultural y conceptual (todos los IVC <90). El modelo ESEM Bifactor mostró el mejor índice de ajuste (χ2 = 452,371; TLI = 0,94; CFI = 0,96; RMSEA = 0,047). La versión brasileña de APS-R demostró ser válida y fiable. Aparte, se discute las limitaciones e implicaciones del estudio. (AU)

[Why do mental disorders develop and persist? The cognitive-behavioural perspective]. / ¿Por qué se desarrollan y persisten los trastornos mentales? La perspectiva cognitivo-conductual.

This paper describes the main tenets of behavioural and cognitive models for the development, triggering and maintenance of mental disorders. These models hold that the processes that generate mental pathology are the same that rule normal behaviour. They also acknowledge the role of biopsychosocial factors in the initiation and persistence of pathology. To the model of the syndrome they oppose the tradition of functional analysis of problem behaviour. In view of the limitations of categorical diagnostic systems, these models opt for case formulations that integrate both the nomothetic and the idiographic perspectives. Cognitivebehavioural models place greater emphasis on the maintaining factors of mental disorders, since they are more accessible for therapeutic change than initiating factors. The paper illustrates these points with some examples of cognitive-behavioural models for different psychopathologies. A difference is made between the causes and reasons for mental disorders. Finally, the article analyses the growing interest in transdiagnostic processes, as well as the potential use of the complex causal network model for conceptualising the relationship between symptoms and dysfunctional processes in psychopathology.

A Brief Cognitive Behavioural Intervention for Maladaptive Perfectionism in Students: A Pilot Study.

BACKGROUND: Researchers focused on developing therapeutic strategies for perfectionism given its well-established link to the onset and maintenance of several mental disorders. Meta-analytical findings provided support for the efficacy of cognitive behavioural (CB) approaches. However, most studies have focused on the efficacy of interventions, without analysing their efficiency. AIMS: To explore the feasibility of a brief (five weekly sessions) CB group intervention focused on reducing perfectionistic concerns in Argentine students. We also aimed to identify participants who benefited from the intervention and to explore their differences with non-respondents. A third aim was to explore the potential merits of the intervention in a different cultural context as this is the first attempt to adapt an English-spoken protocol to the Spanish language. METHOD: A quasi-experimental design with two time points was used. Twenty-four out of 84 participants (mean age = 27.75 years, SD = 8.3) were classified as maladaptive perfectionists. RESULTS: Paired t-tests and reliable change index comparisons revealed that most students (75%) statistically and clinically reduced their levels of perfectionistic concerns as well as their perfectionistic strivings. General distress, operationalized as anxious and depressive symptoms, was also decreased. Students who completed and responded to the intervention were more dysfunctional in academic and psychological measures at baseline than non-completers and non-improvers. CONCLUSIONS: Findings support the feasibility, preliminary efficacy and efficiency of this five weekly session intervention when applied to a sample of Argentine university students.

La relación entre las dimensiones del perfeccionismo y la ansiedad frente a los exámenes en estudiantes de Psicología argentinos / The relationship between the dimensions of perfectionism and test anxiety in Argentine psychology students

Si bien el perfeccionismo (en sus dimensiones positivas y negativas) y la ansiedad frente a los exámenes se han estudiado por separado en el contexto universitario, ha sido relativamente escaso el aporte conjunto realizado al respecto en la bibliografía actual a pesar de existir evidentes vínculos conceptuales entre ambos. Teniendo en cuenta la existencia de medidas validadas y fiables en Argentina acerca de ambos constructos, se procedió a investigar dicha relación en una muestra de 102 estudiantes (86 mujeres) a través de un análisis de regresión lineal múltiple. Los resultados indicaron que la dimensión negativa del perfeccionismo, operacionalizada como discrepancia, obtuvo una capacidad predictiva del 38% en la variabilidad de la ansiedad frente a los exámenes. Las dimensiones positivas de perfeccionismo, a su vez, no demostraron capacidad explicativa. Estos resultados son discutidos en términos conceptuales y se sugieren aplicaciones clínicas de los mismos

Perfectionism (adaptive and maladaptive) and test anxiety have been studied separately in the university realm, and there is a paucity of published research examining their relationship, despite evident conceptual links. Since valid and reliable instruments for assessing both constructs are available in Argentina, the relationship between perfectionism and test anxiety was investigated in a sample of 102 students (86 females) through multiple linear regression analysis. Results indicated that the negative dimension of perfectionism, operationalised as a discrepancy, yielded a predictive capacity of 38% in the variability of test anxiety. However, the positive dimensions of perfectionism showed no explanatory power. These results are discussed in terms of their conceptual and clinical implications

Afrontamiento y Trastorno de Estrés Postraumático en mujeres maltratadas por su pareja / Coping and posttraumatic stress disorder in women who suffer intimate partner violence

La violencia ejercida hacia la mujer por parte de un compañero íntimo representa un grave problema a nivel mundial según lo muestran diversas investigaciones e informes globales recientes. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la relación entre la presencia de sintomatología de trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT) y el afrontamiento de las mujeres maltratadas. Participaron 87 mujeres de entre 19 y 69 años (M = 42.79; DE = 10.65) asistidas por esta problemática, quienes completaron varios instrumentos autoadministrables. Se encontraron diversas asociaciones estadísticamente significativas entre las variables relativas al TEPT y la presencia de estrategias de afrontamiento disfuncionales, entre ellas la evitación cognitiva (r = .38; p < .001). Se discuten los resultados destacándose la relevancia de analizar las diversas estrategias empleadas por estas mujeres para afrontar la situación de maltrato, así como de identificar y abordar prioritariamente el TEPT en esta población para reducir su impacto y favorecer un afrontamiento más saludable

Intimate partner violence represents a serious worldwide issue according to research data and recent global reports. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between the presence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology and coping in women who suffer this situation. Eighty seven women between ages 19 and 69 (M = 42.79; SD = 10.65), assisted because of this issue, completed diverse self-administered scales. Several statistically significant associations between PTSD variables and presence of maladaptive coping strategies were found, among them cognitive avoidance (r = .38; p < .001). Results are discussed highlighting the relevance of analyzing the different coping strategies displayed by these women and identifying and approaching PTSD as a priority in order to reduce its impact and promote a healthier coping in this population

[Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) and the 'Third Wave' of Cognitive-Bahavioral Therapies (CBT)]. / Terapia Cognitiva basada en Atención Plena (mindfulness) y la 'tercera ola' en Terapias Cognitivo-Conductuales.

The paper presents the reasons that led to the incorporation of mindfulness as part of a cognitive therapy approach to the prevention of relapse of recurrent depressive disorders. It describes the context in which models focused on the contents of cognition gave way to models focused on cognitive processes. We highlight the problems encountered by the standard cognitive model when trying to account for the cognitive vulnerability of individuals who, having experienced a depressive episode, are in remission. We briefly describe the theoretical foundations of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy and its therapeutic approach.

[MINDFULNESS-BASED COGNITIVE THERAPY (MBCT) AND THE "THIRD WAVE" OF COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES (CBT)]. / Terapia Cognitiva basada en Atención Plena (mindfulness) y la <> en Terapias Cognitivo-Conductuales.

The paper presents the reasons that led to the incorporation of mindfulness as part of a cognitive therapy approach to the prevention of relapse of recurrent depressive disorders. It describes the context in which models focused on the contents of cognition gave way to models focused on cognitive processes. We highlight the problems encountered by the standard cognitive model when trying to account for the cognitive vulnerability of individuals who, having experienced a depressive episode, are in remission. We briefly describe the theoretical foundations of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy and its therapeutic approach.

Consensos transteóricos de la psicoterapia contemporánea / Transtheoretical consensus in contemporary psychotherapy / Consensos transteòrics de la psicoteràpia contemporània

En este artículo examinamos algunas de las variables que han contribuido a la marcada heterogeneidad del campo de la psicoterapia. Nuestro objetivo es, por el contrario, resaltar los aspectos comunes de las distintas tradiciones teórico-clínicas en el tratamiento de los problemas mentales. Para ello, examinamos la cuestión de la eficacia de la psicoterapia, los principios básicos del cambio psicológico propuestos por modelos transteóricos y el reciente debate sobre los sistemas diagnósticos en salud mental (AU)

En aquest article examinem algunes de les variables que han contribuït a la marcada heterogeneïtat del camp de la psicoteràpia. El nostre objectiu és, contràriament, ressaltar els aspectes comuns de les diferents tradicions teorico-clíniques en el tractament dels problemes mentals. Per aquest motiu, examinem la qüestió de l’eficàcia de la psicoteràpia, els principis bàsics del canvi psicològic proposats per models transteòrics i el debat recent sobre els sistemes diagnòstics en salut mental

In this paper we examine some of the variables that have contributed to the marked heterogeneity within the field of psychotherapy. Our goal is, in contrast, to highlight the common features of the different theoretico-clinical traditions in the treatment of mental problems. To this end, we shall examine the issue of the efficacy of psychotherapy, the basic principles of psychological change proposed by transtheoretical models, and the recent debate on diagnostic systems in mental health (AU)

Perfeccionismo y desempeño académico en estudiantes universitarios de la ciudad autónoma de Buenos Aires / Perfectionism and academic performance of university students in the autonomous city of Buenos Aires / Perfeccionismo e desempenho acadêmico em estudantes universitários da cidade autônoma de Buenos Aires

El presente artículo tiene por objetivo analizar la relación entre los perfiles de perfeccionismo y el desempeño académico en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. El desempeño ha sido operacionalizado a través de las variables promedio académico general percibido, calificación del último examen, cantidad de exámenes adeudados y años de carrera cursados. Participaron en la investigación 465 estudiantes pertenecientes a las carreras de Psicología (52,2%) Ingeniería (26,2%) y Medicina (21,6%). La distribución de la población de estudiantes en los distintos perfiles de perfeccionismo (adaptativo- PA, desadaptativo- PD y no perfeccionistas-NP) se presentó según las predicciones derivadas de la teoría y los estudios previos realizados por nuestro equipo de investigación. Respecto a la relación entre los diferentes perfiles y el desempeño académico, se encontró que los estudiantes con un perfil de PA presentaron un promedio percibido significativamente superior, y una cantidad de exámenes adeudados significativamente menor que los estudiantes de los restantes perfiles. No se evidenciaron diferencias significativas para estas variables entre los sujetos con un perfil de PD y los estudiantes NP. Para las restantes variables no se hallaron diferencias significativas entre los distintos perfiles de perfeccionismo. Se discuten las implicancias de estos hallazgos para futuras investigaciones en el área.

The aim of this article is to analyze the relationship between perfectionism and academic performance of university graduate students in the City of Buenos Aires. 465 university undergraduates participated in this study: Psychology students (52.2%), Engineering students (26.2%) and Medicine students (21.6%). The resulting scores used to set the different perfectionism profiles (adaptative perfectionists- AP, maladaptive perfectionists- MP, and non perfectionists- NP), are similar to those expected according to current theory and to our previous studies. Regarding the relationship between the different student profiles and their academic performance, it was found that students with an AP profile have a significantly higher average grades than those in the other two groups, and less pending exams. No significant differences were found in average grades between MP and NP. For the remaining variables, no significant differences were found between the different profiles of perfectionism. Implications of these findings for future research in the area are discussed.

O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar a relação entre os perfis de perfeccionismo e o desempenho acadêmico em uma mostra de estudantes universitários da cidade de Buenos Aires. O desempenho foi operacionalizado através das variáveis média acadêmica geral percebida, nota da última prova, quantidade de provas pendentes e anos cursados. Participaram na pesquisa 465 estudantes pertencentes aos cursos de Psicologia (52,2%) Engenharia (26,2%) e Medicina (21,6%). A distribuição da população de estudantes nos diferentes perfis de perfeccionismo (adaptativo- PA, desadaptativo- PD e não perfeccionistas- NP) apresentou-se de acordo com as previsões derivadas da teoria e dos estudos prévios feitos pela nossa equipe de pesquisa. Com respeito à relação entre os diferentes perfis e o desempenho acadêmico, encontrou-se que os estudantes com um perfil de PA apresentaram uma médica percebida significativamente superior, e uma quantidade de provas pendentes significativamente menor que os estudantes dos outros perfis. Não se evidenciaram diferenças significativas para estas variáveis entre os sujeitos com um perfil de PD e os estudantes NP. Para as restantes variáveis não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os diferentes perfis de perfeccionismo. Discutem-se as implicações destes descobrimentos para pesquisas futuras na área.

[Mental health from a cognitive-behavioral perspective]. / La Salud mental en la perspectiva cognitivo-conductual.

This paper presents a succinct overview of the conception of mental health held by the cognitive-behavioral paradigm. For some of these models, human suffering is ubiquitious and largely unavoidable. Therefore, suffering cannot be linearly equated to pathology. Mental health implies acting towards achieving our valued goals, despite the negative emotions and thoughts that this may activate. The paper describes some cognitive and metacognitive phenomena characteristically associated to psychopathology, as well as some principles to establish the normalcy of both emotional experience and behavior. It establishes a difference between consultations motivated by mental disorders and those motivated by life crises and by a desire of achieving personal growth. Finally, the paper analyzes the conditions in which implementing treatment is desirable and necessary.

Perfeccionismo positivo / negativo y calidad de vida percibida en estudiantes de Psicología, Medicina e Ingeniería de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires / Positive / negative perfectionism and perceived quality of life in Psychology, Medicine and Engineering students of the city of Buenos Aires

El objetivo del presente estudio es dar cuenta de la relación entre el perfeccionismo en sus tres dimensiones (Altos Estándares -AE-, Orden -O- y Discrepancia-D-) y la calidad de vida percibida (CV) en tres muestras de estudiantes universitarios de las carreras de Psicología, Medicina e Ingeniería de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. La muestra estuvo conformada por 476 estudiantes que completaron los siguientes instrumentos: cuestionario sociodemográfico, la almost Perfect Scale-revised (APS-R, Slaney, Rice, Mobley, Trippi, & Ashby, 2001; adaptación: Arana, Keegan, & Rutsztein, 2009) y el Inventario de Calidad de Vida Percibida (ICV, Mikulic, 2006). Los resultados sugieren una asociación signiicativa para un aspecto del perfeccionismo positivo (O) y una alta CV percibida, y para el perfeccionismo negativo (D) en relación a una baja CV percibida. Diferencias halladas en las diversas carreras para estas dimensiones indican la necesidad de atender a las variables contextuales especíicas para el análisis de este constructo.

The aim of this study is to account for the relationship between perfectionism in its three dimensions (High Standards -HS-, Order -O-, and Discrepancy -D-) and the perceived quality of life (QL) in three samples of university students of Psychology, Medicine and Engineering of the City of Buenos Aires. The sample consisted of 476 students who completed the following in struments: Socio-demographic questionnaire, the Almost Perfect Scale-revised (APS-R, Slaney, Rice, Mobley, Trippi, & Ashby, 2001; adaptation: Arana, Keegan, & Rutsztein, 2009) and the Inventario de Calidad de Vida Percibida (ICV, Mikulic, 2006). Results suggest a signiicant association for one aspect of positive perfectionism (O) and a perceived high QL, and for negative perfectionism (D) and a perceived low QL. Differences found for these dimensions in the students of each career indicate the need to pay attention to specific contextual variables for the analysis of this construct.

Estrategias de afrontamiento en mujeres maltratadas: la percepción del proceso por parte de las mujeres / Coping strategies in battered women: women´s perception of the process

El objetivo del presente estudio es analizar aquellas estrategias de afrontamiento presentes en las mujeres que sufren violencia doméstica. Se diferencian las estrategias que resultarían disfuncionales de aquellas funcionales o adaptativas por su impacto en la salud y en la calidad de vida de las mujeres. Se presentan los resultados de una primera exploración cualitativa acerca de estas estrategias en nuestra población. La metodología se basó en entrevistas en profundidad a 8 mujeres que se encuentran en proceso de afrontamiento o que ya han superado la situación de violencia en su pareja. Asimismo, se utilizó la observación de dinámicas de grupos de autoayuda específicamente orientados a esta conflictiva. La muestra total estuvo conformada por 12 mujeres de entre 35 y 69 años, asistentes a centros especializados en la problemática. Los resultados destacan la relevancia del apoyo psicosocial para el afrontamiento adaptativo de esta problemática.

The present paper analyzes the coping strategies of women who suffer intimate partner violence. Maladaptive and adaptive strategies are differentiated on the basis of their impact on health and quality of life. The results of a first qualitative exploration of these strategies in our population are presented. The methodology was based on in-depth interviews to 8 women who were coping with or had already overcome violence in their couple. The dynamics of self-help groups specifically oriented to this issue have been observed as well. The total sample was formed by 12 women, whose age ranged from 35 to 69, attending to centers specialized in domestic violence. Results highlight the relevance of psychosocial support for an adaptive coping.

Un estudio sobre perfeccionismo en estudiantes universitarios argentinos: resultados preliminares en estudiantes de Psicología / A study on perfectionism in argentine university students: preliminary outcomes on Psychology students

El perfeccionismo ha sido asociado a problemas clínicos y a malestar psicológico, siendo el concepto de discrepancia representativo del aspecto disfuncional del mismo. Este estudio se propone determinar los perfiles de perfeccionismo en estudiantes argentinos de Psicología y analizar la relación entre discrepancia, malestar y bienestar psicológico. 85 estudiantes de Psicología completaron una serie de instrumentos psicométricos evaluándose: perfeccionismo (Almost Perfect Scale-Revised), bienestar psicológico (Inventario de Calidad de Vida Percibida, Escala de Bienestar Psicológico) y malestar psicológico (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Formas Y-I, Y-II, Beck Depression Inventory Second Edition). Resultados: Completaron la evaluación 82 estudiantes; 44 (54%) obtienen un perfil de perfeccionismo, que se desagrega en adaptativo (N=18; 21,9%) y desadaptativo (N=26; 31,7%). La variable discrepancia se asocia significativamente a las variables estudiadas en la dirección esperada: altas correlaciones positivas (p valor ,01) con variables ligadas al malestar psicológico y negativas con variables relativas al bienestar psicológico (p valor ,01).

Perfectionism has been associated to clinical problems and psychological distress, being the concept of discrepancy representative of its maladaptive aspect. The aim of this study is to determine the perfectionism profiles of Argentine Psychology students and to analyze the relationship between discrepancy, psychological distress and psychological well-being. 85 university students of Psychology have completed several psychometric instruments evaluating: perfectionism (Almost Perfect Scale Revised), psychological well-being (Inventario de Percepción de Calidad de Vida -ICV; Escala de Bienestar Psicológico and psychological distress (State- Trait Anxiety Inventory. Forms Y-I,Y-II, Beck Depression Inventory Second Edition). Results: 82 students completed the evaluation; 44 (54%) obtain a perfectionism profile, disaggregated into adaptive (N=18 21,9%) and maladaptive (N=26; 31,7%). The variable discrepancy is significantly associated to the studied variables in the expected direction: high positive correlations (p value ,01) with variables related to psychological distress, and negative correlations with variables related to psychological well-being (p value ,01).

[Consciousness in psychiatry]. / La conciencia en psiquiatría.

This article takes a look at the different meanings given to the notion of consciousness and shows how abandoning psychopathological controversies in view of an alleged a-theoricism can only lead to shallowness in the understanding of psychiatric pathology. It also highlights how different philosophical doctrines and psychological theories, which have attempted to explain the constitution of the human subject and of its mental phenomena, can be traced in every point of view which approaches the phenomenon of consciousness.

La conciencia en psiquiatría / Consciousness in psychiatry

En el presente trabajo se realiza un recorrido por los diferentes significados atribuidos a la noción de conciencia demostrando cómo el abandono de las corrientes psicopatológicas ante un pretendido a-teoricismo sólo lleva a una pérdida de profundidad en la comprensión de la patología psiquiátrica. Se destaca también cómo en cada una de las posiciones desde las que se quiere abordar el fenómeno unitario de la conciencia se pueden rastrear doctrinas filosóficas y teorías psicológicas que han intentado dar cuenta de la constitución del sujeto humano y de sus fenómenos mentales.

This article takes a look at the different meanings given to the notion of consciousness and shows how abandoning psychopathological controversies in view of an alleged a-theoricism can only lead to shallowness in the understanding of psychiatric pathology. It also highlights how different philosophical doctrines and psychological theories, which have attempted to explain the constitution of the human subject and of its mental phenomena, can be traced in every point of view which approaches the phenomenon of consciousness.

Resultados del seguimiento de pacientes con trastorno obsesivo compulsivo tratados con dos variantes de terapia cognitiva / Follow-up of patients with obsessive compulsive disorder treated with two variants of cognitive therapy

El artículo presenta los resultados del seguimiento a 6 meses realizado a pacientes con trastorno obsesivo compulsivo en el marco del proyecto UBACyT P079. Para el estudio se utilizó un diseño de caso único (A-B) con replicación directa entre sujetos. Ocho pacientes fueron asignados aleatoriamente a una de las dos condiciones de tratamiento ofrecidas: 1) Terapia centrada en exposición y Prevención de respuesta; 2) Terapia Metacognitiva. Dos de los pacientes en la primera condición abandonaron el tratamiento tras la tercera sesión. Los cuatro de la segunda condición finalizaron el protocolo establecido. Los resultados para ambos tipos de terapia muestran una mejoría significativa en la sintomatología obsesiva y depresiva tras su aplicación, resultados que se han mantenido estables en las evaluaciones de seguimiento, sugiriendo la utilidad clínica de ambas terapias. Se discuten las implicaciones teóricas y prácticas de los resultados y se sugieren nuevas líneas de investigación.

Adaptación argentina de la Escala de Fusión Pensamiento-Acción: resultados preliminares de su aplicación en pacientes con trastorno obsesivo compulsivo, otros trastornos de ansiedad y población no clínica / Argentinian adaptation of the thought action fusion scale: preliminary data about its application in obsessive compulsive disorder patients, patients with others anxiety disorders and a non clinical sample

La presente investigación se inserta en el marco de una tesis doctoral tendiente a evaluar el perfil cognitivo de los pacientes con Trastorno Obsesivo Compulsivo (TOC). Algunos modelos cognitivos sostienen que los pacientes con TOC presentan creencias de tipo fusión pensamiento-acción que predispondrían a la aparición y mantenimiento de los síntomas. Los objetivos del estudio fueron: 1) Realizar una adaptación lingüística y conceptual de la Escala de Fusión Pensamiento-Acción (Thought Action Fusion Scale; Shafran, Thordarson & Rachman, 1996); 2) Obtener datos psicométricos preliminares sobre su confiabilidad y validez. La escala obtenida mediante retrotraducción fue administrada a una muestra de 30 pacientes con TOC, 60 pacientes con otros trastornos de ansiedad y a una muestra no clínica compuesta por 100 sujetos. Los indicadores de consistencia interna, confiabilidad testretest y validez fueron adecuados. En vista de los resultados, se discuten sus implicancias teóricas y clínicas.

[Cognitive-behaviour therapy of schizophrenia]. / Terapia cognitivo-conductual de la esquizofrenia.

Cognitive-behaviour therapy is one of the evidence-based psychotherapies that have been successfully applied to the treatment of patients with psychotic symptoms. The article presents the core principles and objectives of cognitive models and interventions, and describes the generic steps of treatment. The results of the most methodologically-sound outcome studies are presented.